Blake is a highly symbolic poet and his poetry is rich in
symbols and allusions. Almost each and every other word in his poems is
symbolic. A symbol is an object which stands for something else as dove
symbolizes peace. Similarly, Blake’s tiger symbolizes creative energy;
Shelley’s wind symbolizes inspiration; Ted Hughes’s Hawk symbolizes terrible
destructiveness at the heart of nature. Blake’s symbols usually have a wide
range of meaning and more obvious. Few critics would now wish to call Blake a
symbolist poet, since his handling of symbols is markedly different from that
of the French symbolistes’, but the world inhabited by his mythical figures is
defined through quasi-allegorical images of complex significance, and such
images are no less important in his lyrical poetry. The use of symbols is
one of the most striking features of Blake's poetry.
There is hardly any poem in the "Songs of Innocence and
of Experience" which does not possess a symbolic or allegorical meaning,
besides its apparent or surface meaning. If these poems are written in the
simplest possible language, that fact does not deprive them of a depth of
meaning. The language of these poems is like that of the Bible—at once simple
and profound as the following lines read:
“O Rose, thou art sick!”
When Blake talks of the sick rose, he is really telling us
how mysterious evil attacks the soul. Flower-symbolism is of particular
importance in Songs of Innocence and Experience, beingconnected with the
Fall by the motif of the garden; and its traditional links with sexuality
inform the text of ‘The Blossom’ and the design for ‘Infant Joy’, which are
taken up in Experience by the plate for ‘The Sick Rose’. ‘Ah! Sun-Flower’ is a
more symbolic text, and has evoked a greater variety of responses. Declaring
this to be one of ‘Blake’s supreme poems’, we can interpret the flower as a man
who ‘is bound to the flesh’ but ‘yearns after the liberty of Eternity”. Harper
claims that it describes the aspiration of all ‘natural things’ to ‘the sun’s
eternality’. Identifying the speaker as ‘Blake himself. Blake travels from
flower-symbolism to animal symbols as in the ‘Tyger’:
“Did he smile his work to see
Did he who made the Lamb make thee!”
If the lamb symbolizes innocence and gentleness, the tiger
is to Blake a symbol of the violent and terrifying forces within the individual
man. The lamb, innocent and pretty, seems the work of a kindly Creator. The
splendid but terrifying tiger makes us realize that God's purposes are not so
easily understood, and that is why the question arises "Did he who made
the Lamb make thee?" At the same time, the tiger is symbolic of the
Creator's masterly skill which enabled Him to frame the "fearful
symmetry" of the tiger. But the lion described in the poem Night (in the
"Songs of Innocence") offers an interesting contrary to the tiger of
the "Songs of Experience". Both the beasts seem dreadful, but the
lion, like the beast of the fairy tale, can be magically transformed into a
good and gentle creature: the tiger cannot. In the world of Experience the
violent and destructive elements in Creation must be faced and accepted, and
even admired. The tiger is also symbolic of the Energy and the Imagination of
man, as opposed to the Reason. Blake was a great believer in natural impulses
and hated all restraints. Consequently he condemns all those who exercise
restraints upon others. He states in Holy Thursday II:
“And their ways are fill’d with thorns
It is eternal winter there”
The eternal winter are symbolic of total destruction of the
country and the perpetual devastation and ‘Grey-headed beadles’ in ‘Holy
Thursday I’ are symbolic of authority and it is they exploit children for
their own material interests. In the poem London, oppression and tyranny
are symbolised by the king (who is responsible for the soldier's blood being
shed), social institutions like (loveless) marriage, and
'"he mind-forged manacles". Even further, personal and social
relationships have been symbolised as:
“In the morning glad I see
My foe outstretched beneath the tree”
A Poison Tree is another allegory. The tree here
represents repressed wrath; the water represents fear; the apple is symbolic of
the fruit of the deceit which results from repression. This deceit gives rise
to the speaker's action in laying a death-trap for his enemy. The
deeper meaning of the poem is that aggressive feelings, if suppressed, almost
certainly destroy personal relationships. On the surface, however, the poem is
a simple, ordinary story. Thus symbolism is crucial to understanding Blake as
poet of earlier romanticism. What can be more symbolic than the following lines
from, ‘Auguries of Innocence’?
“To see a world in a grain of sand,
And a heaven in a wild flower,
Hold infinity in the palm of your hand,
And eternity in an hour”
Thus, Blake’s poetry is charged with symbols. He has
depicted nature and human nature; animals and plants as simple but profound
symbols of powerful forces; "contrary states of the human soul" - for
example, good and evil, or innocence and experience throughout his poetry. What
is different in Blake is that he is not modeling after any symbols but his own.
The symbols always have an inner relatedness that leads us from the outer world
to the inner man. The symbols live in the ordered existence of his vision; the
vision itself is entirely personal, in theme and in the logic that sustains it.
Blake is difficult not because he invented symbols of his own; he created his
symbols to show that the existence of any natural object and the value man’s
mind places on it were one and the same. He was fighting the acceptance of
reality in the light of science as much as he was fighting the suppression of
human nature by ethical dogmas. He fought on two fronts, and shifted his arms
from one to the other without letting us know—more exactly, he did not let
himself know. He created for himself a personality, in life and in art, that
was the image of the thing he sought.
In short, it is established that William Blake is
a highly symbolic and even allegorical poet. His use of symbolism is unique and
cinematic. It paints a lively and pulsating picture of dynamic life before us.
Especially, the symbolic use of
‘Sun-flower’ gets so much stamped on the mind of the reader
that it is difficult to forget it. He mentions a tiger it becomes a symbol of
God's power in creation, his lamb turns out to be a symbol of suffering
innocence and Jesus Christ and his tree is symbolic of anger and desire to
triumph over enemies; the dark side of human nature. Symbolism is the
main trait of William Blake as a dramatist as a poet and this has
been well-crystallized in his legendary work, ‘The Songs of Innocence and
Experience’.
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